Using Root Certificates with OpenSSL on FreeBSD

I'm reading a great book on Apache security.

One of the examples involves using the openssl client program to analyze a chain of certificates.

In the following example I use openssl to connect to www.thawte.com, but I do not provide a location to find root certificates.


orr:/home/richard$ openssl s_client -host www.thawte.com -port 443
CONNECTED(00000003)
 depth=1 /C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=ZA/ST=Western Cape/L=Cape Town/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) 
      Ltd/OU=Security/CN=www.thawte.com
   i:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
 1 s:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
   i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=ZA/ST=Western Cape/L=Cape Town/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) 
 Ltd/OU=Security/CN=www.thawte.com
issuer=/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 2214 bytes and written 340 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
Server public key is 1024 bit
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1
    Cipher    : DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Session-ID: BF365536023EF272C68C3A9420364D68BF6363FB59461B1BF9BB9C36A6BA8FA9
    Session-ID-ctx: 
    Master-Key: 9B6224C8083E007C2D4797B9D92317B213AD53FC6C5EF693FC17D
                8D3B3B9B918D7E03317C67BCE5699CF102ED707B5C6
    Key-Arg   : None
    Start Time: 1157455445
    Timeout   : 300 (sec)
    Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)
---
HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 05 Sep 2006 11:25:22 GMT
Server: Apache
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 25062
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

closed

The return code

    Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)

is the important item here.

FreeBSD's base installation does not include the ca-root.crt file expected with other Unix-like systems. That file is available as the security/ca-roots port, however.

orr:/root# setenv PACKAGESITE 
 ftp://ftp2.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/
orr:/root# pkg_add -vr ca-roots
looking up ftp2.freebsd.org
connecting to ftp2.freebsd.org:21
setting passive mode
opening data connection
initiating transfer
Fetching ftp://ftp2.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/
 ca-roots.tbz...x +CONTENTS
x +COMMENT
x +DESC
x +MTREE_DIRS
x share/certs/ca-root.crt
tar command returns 0 status
 Done.
extract: Package name is ca-roots-1.2
extract: CWD to /usr/local
extract: execute 'mkdir -p /usr/local/share/certs'
extract: /usr/local/share/certs/ca-root.crt
extract: execute 'ln -s /usr/local/share/certs/ca-root.crt /etc/ssl/cert.pem'
extract: CWD to .
Running mtree for ca-roots-1.2..
mtree -U -f +MTREE_DIRS -d -e -p /usr/local >/dev/null
Attempting to record package into /var/db/pkg/ca-roots-1.2..
Package ca-roots-1.2 registered in /var/db/pkg/ca-roots-1.2

With these SSL Certificate Authority root certificates installed, I use openssl in this manner.

orr:/home/richard$ openssl s_client -host www.thawte.com -port 443
 -CAfile /etc/ssl/cert.pem
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 /C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
verify return:1
depth=1 /C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
verify return:1
depth=0 /C=ZA/ST=Western Cape/L=Cape Town/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd/OU=Security/CN=www.thawte.com
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=ZA/ST=Western Cape/L=Cape Town/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) 
   Ltd/OU=Security/CN=www.thawte.com
   i:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
 1 s:/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
   i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=ZA/ST=Western Cape/L=Cape Town/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) 
 Ltd/OU=Security/CN=www.thawte.com
issuer=/C=ZA/O=Thawte Consulting (Pty) Ltd./CN=Thawte SGC CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 2214 bytes and written 340 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
Server public key is 1024 bit
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1
    Cipher    : DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
    Session-ID: 3121A8A4A5DFE70DABA68C5354C2DE89996F622CE7A323F97EB3E87390594F6B
    Session-ID-ctx: 
    Master-Key: E4C5A3B6B5DFF98BFAF2C9CCF8E86083B2D03EE06984707EF238
                F431531F00D9CEA3579E6386E9DB13C57EB84B3E2BAF
    Key-Arg   : None
    Start Time: 1157455485
    Timeout   : 300 (sec)
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 05 Sep 2006 11:26:02 GMT
Server: Apache
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 25062
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

closed

Now we see

    Verify return code: 0 (ok)

which means the certificate presented by the Web server is legitimate.

Comments

Anonymous said…
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
10:49 AM
Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Zeek in Action Videos

Image
This is a quick note to point blog readers to my Zeek in Action YouTube video series for the Zeek network security monitoring project .  Each video addresses a topic that I think might be of interest to people trying to understand their network using Zeek and adjacent tools and approaches, like Suricata, Wireshark, and so on.  I am especially pleased with Video 6 on monitoring wireless networks . It took me several weeks to research material for this video. I had to buy new hardware and experiment with a Linux distro that I had not used before -- Parrot .  Please like and subscribe, and let me know if there is a topic you think might make a good video.
Read more

MITRE ATT&CK Tactics Are Not Tactics

Image
Just what are "tactics"? Introduction MITRE ATT&CK  is a great resource, but something about it has bothered me since I first heard about it several years ago. It's a minor point, but I wanted to document it in case it confuses anyone else. The MITRE ATT&CK Design and Philosophy document from March 2020 says the following: At a high-level, ATT&CK is a behavioral model that consists of the following core components: • Tactics, denoting short-term, tactical adversary goals during an attack; • Techniques, describing the means by which adversaries achieve tactical goals; • Sub-techniques, describing more specific means by which adversaries achieve tactical goals at a lower level than techniques; and • Documented adversary usage of techniques, their procedures, and other metadata. My concern is with MITRE's definition of "tactics" as "short-term, tactical adversary goals during an attack," which is oddly recursive. The key word in the tacti...
Read more

New Book! The Best of TaoSecurity Blog, Volume 4

Image
  I've completed the TaoSecurity Blog book series . The new book is  The Best of TaoSecurity Blog, Volume 4: Beyond the Blog with Articles, Testimony, and Scholarship .  It's available now for Kindle , and I'm working on the print edition.  I'm running a 50% off promo on Volumes 1-3 on Kindle through midnight 20 April. Take advantage before the prices go back up. I described the new title thus: Go beyond TaoSecurity Blog with this new volume from author Richard Bejtlich. In the first three volumes of the series, Mr. Bejtlich selected and republished the very best entries from 18 years of writing and over 18 million blog views, along with commentaries and additional material.  In this title, Mr. Bejtlich collects material that has not been published elsewhere, including articles that are no longer available or are stored in assorted digital or physical archives. Volume 4 offers early white papers that Mr. Bejtlich wrote as a network defender, either for technica...
Read more